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Science · driverless cars

What the research says about driverless cars

Here are four research papers on driverless cars, all free to read on arXiv. Each summary is ours, written from the paper's abstract.

  • Papers 4
  • Topics 1
  • Reviewed Oct 24, 2026
  • Source arXiv.org
Illustrative · not to scale

Our own artist's impression. No figures are taken from the papers.

Known so far

Every number links to the paper it comes from.

Injury-reported crashes, Waymo rider-only
0.6per million miles2Versus 2.80 for the human benchmark, over 7.14 million rider-only miles.
01

Safety record

4 papers

How driverless rides compare with human drivers on crashes, injuries and insurance claims.

[1]2025cs.ROPreprint

Comparison of Waymo Rider-Only Crash Rates by Crash Type to Human Benchmarks at 56.7 Million Miles

Kristofer D. Kusano, John M. Scanlon, Yin-Hsiu Chen & 3 others

What they foundWaymo's rider-only crash rates over 56.7 million miles were compared with human benchmarks across 11 crash types.

Why it mattersBreaking results down by crash type shows where driverless cars do better or worse than people.
What they studied

Waymo crashes from NHTSA's Standing General Order reports, against human benchmarks matched by place and road type.

[2]2023cs.ROPreprint

Comparison of Waymo Rider-Only Crash Data to Human Benchmarks at 7.1 Million Miles

Kristofer D. Kusano, John M. Scanlon, Yin-Hsiu Chen & 4 others

What they foundOver 7.14 million rider-only miles, Waymo had 0.6 injury-reported crashes per million miles vs 2.80 for humans, about 80% fewer.

Why it mattersIt is one of the first large-scale comparisons of a driverless service with human drivers.
What they studied

NHTSA crash reports from Phoenix, San Francisco and Los Angeles through October 2023.

Source for: Injury-reported crashes, Waymo rider-only

[3]2024cs.CYPreprint

Initial Indications of Safety of Driverless Automated Driving Systems

Jiayu Joyce Chen & Steven E. Shladover

What they foundCrash rates were compared for Uber trips, supervised test vehicles and driverless Waymo and Cruise service in California.

Why it mattersIt is an independent early look at driverless safety on real roads.
What they studied

California CPUC and DMV data, 2020–2023.

[4]2023cs.ROPreprint

Comparative Safety Performance of Autonomous- and Human Drivers: A Real-World Case Study of the Waymo One Service

Luigi Di Lillo, Tilia Gode, Xilin Zhou & 3 others

What they foundAcross 3.8 million rider-only miles, Waymo had zero bodily-injury liability claims, and it was significantly safer toward other road users than human drivers.

Why it mattersInsurance claims are an industry-standard way to judge who caused a crash.
What they studied

Waymo's liability claims compared with Swiss Re human-driver baselines.

New research

New papers on driverless cars, checked weekly, summarized after a person reads it.

RSS feed

No new papers on driverless cars this week. We check arXiv every week.

How we choose papers

We search arXiv for driverless cars papers and keep the ones that add something new, are clearly written up and are relevant to a general reader. A person reads every abstract.

Our own words, our own drawings

Summaries are written by us from each paper’s abstract, not copied. Diagrams are our own simplified drawings, not figures from the papers.

Preprint vs. peer-reviewed

“Peer-reviewed” means arXiv lists a journal reference for the paper. Everything else is marked “Preprint”: shared openly, possibly before or without journal review.

Paper metadata courtesy of arXiv. Summaries written by us; read the original papers via the links. Paper metadata from arXiv.org, which does not endorse this site.