[1]2025cs.ROPreprint
Comparison of Waymo Rider-Only Crash Rates by Crash Type to Human Benchmarks at 56.7 Million Miles
Kristofer D. Kusano, John M. Scanlon, Yin-Hsiu Chen & 3 others
What they foundWaymo's rider-only crash rates over 56.7 million miles were compared with human benchmarks across 11 crash types.
Why it mattersBreaking results down by crash type shows where driverless cars do better or worse than people.
What they studied
Waymo crashes from NHTSA's Standing General Order reports, against human benchmarks matched by place and road type.
[2]2023cs.ROPreprint
Comparison of Waymo Rider-Only Crash Data to Human Benchmarks at 7.1 Million Miles
Kristofer D. Kusano, John M. Scanlon, Yin-Hsiu Chen & 4 others
What they foundOver 7.14 million rider-only miles, Waymo had 0.6 injury-reported crashes per million miles vs 2.80 for humans, about 80% fewer.
Why it mattersIt is one of the first large-scale comparisons of a driverless service with human drivers.
What they studied
NHTSA crash reports from Phoenix, San Francisco and Los Angeles through October 2023.
Source for: Injury-reported crashes, Waymo rider-only
[3]2024cs.CYPreprint
Initial Indications of Safety of Driverless Automated Driving Systems
Jiayu Joyce Chen & Steven E. Shladover
What they foundCrash rates were compared for Uber trips, supervised test vehicles and driverless Waymo and Cruise service in California.
Why it mattersIt is an independent early look at driverless safety on real roads.
What they studied
California CPUC and DMV data, 2020–2023.
[4]2023cs.ROPreprint
Comparative Safety Performance of Autonomous- and Human Drivers: A Real-World Case Study of the Waymo One Service
Luigi Di Lillo, Tilia Gode, Xilin Zhou & 3 others
What they foundAcross 3.8 million rider-only miles, Waymo had zero bodily-injury liability claims, and it was significantly safer toward other road users than human drivers.
Why it mattersInsurance claims are an industry-standard way to judge who caused a crash.
What they studied
Waymo's liability claims compared with Swiss Re human-driver baselines.